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Money is the most universal and most efficient system of mutual trust ever devised.
— Yuval Noah Harari[1]
Any company needs at one point to get money from customers. That's when things gets messy for us developers, as we try to reconcile the complexity of the business with our software stack.
This list helps software engineers bootstrap billing & payments systems, and make sense of invoicing, pricing, accounting, marketplace, fraud and business intelligence.
Contents
- Basics
- Pricing
- Usage-based Pricing
- Subscription Plans
- Hybrid
- Strategy
- Market Research
- Product Catalog
- Calculator
- Cost Forecast
- Marketplace
- Cloud Resources
- Online Ads
- Accounting
- Double-Entry Model
- Bookkeeping
- Software design and implementation
- Currencies
- Finance
- Contracts
- Coupons and Vouchers
- Taxes
- European VAT
- Invoice
- Structure
- Integrity
- Generators
- Extractors
- Electronic invoices
- Payments
- Receipt
- Credit Cards
- Bank Accounts
- Online Payments
- Fraud
- Cards
- Trust Score
- Statistics
- Billing
- UX/UI
- Business Intelligence
- Metrics
- Customer Lifetime Value
- Data Engineering
- Tools
- Competitive Analysis
- Cloud providers
- History
- Humour
Basics

In a Stanford class providing an overview of cloud computing, the software architecture of the platform is described as in the right diagram →
Billing is one of the transversal pillar of the ecosystem, where customers, products and business meets. The other pillar being Identity and Access Management (IAM) 👤.
This highlight the strategic importance of the domain, not only for cloud providers but virtually any business, especially those who are software-centric.
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5 things I learned while developing a billing system - A great introduction on all the various aspects of a billing system, from currency to invoices, including great illustrations on the logic of changing plans. All these topics are detailed in dedicated sections below.
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Open guide to AWS - Links to the Billing and Cost Management section which details the broad characteristics of billing for a cloud provider.
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Billed for ¥21,120, invoiced at ¥2,112,000 and paid ¥2,112,000 - Get rid of integers and floats for monetary values. Use decimals. Or face the risks of anomalous x100 charges.
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How to recruit software engineers in this domain? “The trick is to make the accounting/billing/payment department the antechamber of data engineering.” (source)
Pricing
From monthly subscription to commodity-like on-the-go consumption, there's plenty of scheme out there to structure your product's pricing. Including the good old shopping-cart funnel.
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Don't just roll the dice – Software pricing guide - Huge and complete collection of pricing scheme, with their psychological effect and impact on revenue model.
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Business Model Patterns - A list of 15 different ways to sell products and services.